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Podkletnov's claims received major publicity in 1996, when a British
newspaper reported that a followup paper was about to be published in the
British Journal of Physics D. Podkletnov later withdrew the paper under
curious circumstances:
But Podkletnov has now withdrawn the paper, just weeks before it was due to
appear. His decision follows a bizarre series of developments triggered by
media interest in the device. Earlier this month Tampere University issued a
carefully worded statement denying all knowledge of the antigravity
research. While admitting that it had been involved in some preliminary
experiments done by Podkletnov in the early 1990s, the university said he
was no longer on the staff.
Suspicions deepened when Vuorinen, the supposed coauthor of the paper,
issued a statement denying that he had ever worked on antigravity with
Podkletnov.
The furore appears to have surprised Podkletnov, who insists that the claims
made in the paper are genuine. But he says the university is correct in
denying the existence of any recent research, as the paper centers on
experiments carried out in 1992.
On the key issue of Vuorinen's denial of involvement in the work, Podkletnov
says that there must have been some confusion over names, and that another
Petri Vuorinen was the true coauthor. Podkletnov does have an unpaid
affiliation with Tampere's Institute of Material Science. However, inquiries
have failed to uncover anyone with a similar name at the university who
admits to working on the antigravity research.
The controversy also appears to have shocked the Institute of Physics, which
publishes the Journal of Physics D. Three referees failed to find any major
flaw in the paper's claims, which if confirmed would rate as one of the
greatest scientific breakthroughs in history.
Gravity is the most ubiquitous force in the Universe, and no one has ever
found any way of shielding matter from its effects. The discovery of a
shielding effect would have huge theoretical and commercial implications.
Faced with Tampere University's statement, and Vuorinen's denial that he was
involved, Richard Palmer, managing editor of the journal, decided to put the
paper on hold pending further inquiries. Three days later, on 9 September,
Podkletnov solved the institute's dilemma by withdrawing his paper. He gave
no reason. But he stands by his claims: 'This is an important discovery and
I don't want it to disappear,' he told New Scientist.
The paper may now never appear in any physics journal: Podkletnov is said to
have been put under pressure from unknown 'funding agencies' not to reveal
any more, pending patent applications.
Even so, the mystery of the antigravity machine lingers. What is known is
that the paper had passed scrutiny by independent experts in
superconductivity, and had been accepted by a reputable journal. Tampere
University itself concedes that Podkletnov has a good reputation for
research, and refuses to pass judgment on whether the antigravity machine
actually works." (53)
Podkletnov was subsequently thrown out of the university. But despite the
controversy, NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Alabama decided to
investigate his claims (54). The first attempt at replication failed, but it
had been conducted without sufficient knowledge of the original experiment
(55). A second replication attempt was never completed due to lack of
funding.
Podkletnov now says that he can generate repulsive force beams. Journalist
Nick Cook reported the following in a 2002 London Financial Times article:
Meanwhile, Mr Podkletnov, now based at the Moscow Chemical Scientific
Research Center, has taken his ideas further. Last year he published another
paper - backed by Giovanni Modanese, an Italian physicist, detailing work on
an 'impulse gravity generator' that is capable of exerting a repulsive force
on all matter.
Using a strong electrical discharge source and a superconducting 'emitter',
the equipment has produced a 'gravity impulse', Mr Podkletnov says, "that is
very short in time and propagates with great speed (practically
instantaneously) along the line of discharge, passing through different
objects without any observable loss of energy".
The result, he maintains, is a repulsive action on any object the beam hits,
that is proportional to its mass. When fitted to a laser pointing device, Mr
Podkletnov says, his laboratory installation has already demonstrated its
ability to knock over objects more than a kilometer away. The same
installation, he maintains, could hit objects up to 200km away with the same
power." (55)
These claims caught the attention of aerospace company Boeing which has been
reported to be researching antigravity.
Whether antigravity will ultimately be proven to exist or not, one thing is
already clear: mainstream physics is unwilling to investigate antigravity
claims in good faith. Robert L. Park, the spokesman of the American Physical
Society made a typical comment in his What's New column in 2002 that
illustrates the unscientific "theory overrides evidence" modus operandi of
the physics establishment:
Why would Boeing choose to spend millions to test a ridiculous claim by an
obscure Russian physicist that has failed every test and is a physical
impossibility to begin with? (56)
The reason that antigravity and gravity shielding are considered "physical
impossibilities" is of course the dictate of general relativity that gravity
is not an ordinary force, but an effect of curved space-time.
In dismissing the evidence for such phenomena, mainstream physics is
engaging in circular reasoning rivaling that of fundamentalist theology:
since no experiment has ever contradicted general relativity, general
relativity must be true, and anti-gravity and gravity shielding effects
cannot possibly be real, since they would contradict general relativity."
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
The second law of thermodynamics, in simple language, says that in a closed
physical system, useful energy decays into waste heat, and one can't win it
back. A machine that produces, say, electrical energy from ambient heat is
impossible according to the second law, and termed a "perpetuum mobile of
the second kind".
But the second law is under siege, and it may turn out that this alleged
rock-solid law of nature is only a reflection of the limitations of 19th and
20th century engineering.
In a paper titled A Solid-State Maxwell Demon (57) D.P. Sheehan and A.R.
Putnam of the departments of Physics and J.H. Wright of the department of
Mathematics and Computer science of the University of San Diego have
proposed a semiconductor device that would generate useful energy from the
thermal noise of an electronic circuit. The authors successfully tested
their model on a commercial semiconductor simulator and estimate that the
technology necessary to construct a laboratory model will be available by
2007. In their introduction, they write:
Over the last ten years, an unprecedented number of challenges have been
leveled against the absolute status of the second law of thermodynamics.
During this period, roughly 40 papers have appeared in the general
literature, representing more than a dozen distinct challenges; the
publication rate is increasing. Recently, for the first time, a major
scientific press has commissioned a monograph on the subject and a first
international conference has been convened to examine these challenges.
One would think that given the implications (defeating the second "law"
means nothing less than solving the human energy crisis permanently),
governments, corporations and the scientific establishment would be
interested. But there is very little interest. The prevailing (circular)
reasoning remains that machines that violate the second law are impossible
because they would contradict the second law (58).
Conclusions
There is widespread belief among physicists and non-physicists alike that
physics has essentially understood the universe. According to this "end of
science" belief (59), all that remains is to connect a few dots and to do
some fine-tuning. But the evidence discussed here suggests that this
satisfactory state of affairs is a mere illusion created by a failure of the
self-correcting mechanisms of modern science. The current consensus view of
physical reality which is based on relativity, quantum mechanics and big
bang cosmology may turn out to be more social construct than eternal truth.
An unbiased, honest reevaluation of this consensus in light of anomalous
evidence is sorely needed, but it will require fundamental reform of the
peer review and funding mechanisms of modern science.
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Suppression of Inconvenient Facts in Physics
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