Supply and Demand
Chapter 9 from Father, Son and CIA
by Harvey Weinstein
I now had a fairly complete understanding of what Ewen
Cameron was trying to do, and I even had some sense of what
his motivations might have been. But there remained a piece
of the puzzle yet to be fixed in place. How was it that a
psychiatrist in Canada was chosen by the Central
Intelligence Agency of the United States to receive money
for research? Clearly, a commonality of interest had
emerged; it was this relationship that I needed to explore.
The seeds of the relationship lie in the growth in
intelligence work beginning in the Second World War. Much of
this work has been well described elsewhere, but a brief
history of the evolution of the American intelligence
community will reveal the fertile ground which promoted the
growth of mind-control experimentation.
In 1940, President Roosevelt sent William J. Donovan, a New
York attorney and the First World War general, on a
fact-finding mission to Europe. The United States had not
yet developed an intelligence-gathering capacity similar to
that of many of the European nations. With the fast-moving
events of the Second World War and the sudden involvement of
the United States in the world arena, there was much to be
learned, and quickly. Donovan returned with a proposal to
establish a centralized intelligence unit to be called the
Office of Coordinator of Information, with himself as
director. It had two divisions: the Office of Strategic
Services (OSS) and the Office of War Information. The OSS
quickly developed relationships with members of the
scientific community of the United States who offered their
expertise in a variety of fields, from the use of chemical
and biological substances to the use of hypnosis. Richard
Helms, the future director of the CIA was an early recruit
to this work.
In 1946, President Truman established the National
Intelligence Authority (NIA), which was similar to the
present day National Security Council. Within this agency, a
Central Intelligence Group was formed to oversee the
gathering of data. Momentum increased, and in 1947 the
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) was established through
the National Security Act. Truman was clearly ambivalent
about the establishment of the CIA; as noted in Merle
Miller's biography, he said: "Secrecy and a free, democratic
government don't mix."
The history of officially sanctioned mind-control
experimentation in the U.S. began in 1950, when the Director
of Central Intelligence approved the establishment of a
project, code-named Bluebird. Its objectives were as
follows:
-
to discover means of conditioning personnel to prevent
unauthorized extraction of information from them by known
means
-
to investigate the possibility of control of an individual
by application of special interrogation techniques
-
to study memory enhancement
-
to establish defensive means for preventing hostile control
of Agency personnel
Subsequently, a fifth objective was added:
In 1951, the CIA decided to coordinate efforts with the
army, navy and air force, and Project Artichoke was born. A
1952 memorandum describes its mission as follows:
Evaluation and development of any method by which we can get
information from a person against his will and without his
knowledge.
How can we counter the above measures if they are used
against us?
Can we get control of an individual to the point where he
will do our bidding against his will and even against such
fundamental laws of nature such as self-preservation?
How could we counter such measures if they are used against
us?
Work was to include in-house experiments on interrogation
techniques as well as interrogation of individuals overseas
who had been apprehended by the CIA. The idea was to utilize
these newer techniques such as drugs and hypnosis to
facilitate the extracting of information from foreign
nationals. A remarkably wide variety of substances were
examined, including narcotics, mushrooms, truth sera,
cocaine, amphetamines, barbiturates, nitrous oxide and many
others.
In 1953, Project Artichoke evolved into Project MKULTRA, the
major CIA programme of research on substances designed to
influence behaviour, a programme which was to last for
almost twenty years. Richard Helms has been described as the
driving force behind this endeavour, and in a 1953 memo he
noted that part of its function was "implanting suggestions
and other forms of mental control." MKULTRA was to move from
laboratory testing on animals to testing on human volunteers
(although the individuals were not necessarily to know what
substance they were ingesting) and to the use of
experimental drugs on totally unknowing citizens. The range
of experiments that the CIA developed to test these
materials is both horrifying and fascinating. At least one
death can be attributed to the work; more may have occurred.
Many lives were touched, and some subjects live on with the
effects of MKULTRA disturbing their ability to think.
All this remained hidden from the general public until
Tuesday, August 2, 1977, when the New York Times published a
front page article with the headline "Private Institutions
Used In CIA Effort To Control Behavior." I still find it
difficult to believe that I heard nothing about this report
until two years later, when I came across the review of John
Marks's book [The Manchurian Candidate]. In the midst
of a job change, my attentions were obviously elsewhere.
The Times piece described a secret twenty-five year and
twenty-five million dollar project — MKULTRA — designed to
investigate methods to influence memory, thought, attitude,
motivation, and ultimately human behaviour. Several
prominent psychiatrists were associated with these projects
— one of them was Ewen Cameron. The article described CIA
and U.S. armed services attempts at new methods of
interrogation and brainwashing, and revealed that CIA money
had been laundered through at least three funding conduits:
the Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology, founded
at Cornell University, the Geschicter Foundation For Medical
Research and the Josiah Macy Foundation. Cameron's work was
labelled brainwashing, and an interview with Leonard
Rubenstein, Cameron's assistant, was included. Rubenstein
noted: "They had investigated brainwashing among soldiers
who had been in Korea. We in Montreal started to use some
[of these] techniques, brainwashing patients instead of
[using] drugs." He went on to describe experiments in
sensory deprivation.
On the day following the public revelations, Admiral
Stansfield Turner, then Director of Central Intelligence,
was called to testify before a joint hearing of the Select
Committee on Intelligence and the Subcommittee on Health and
Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources of
the United States Senate. For the first time, he revealed
the contents of several thousand documents related to
mind-control research that had recently been discovered in
response to a Freedom of Information request by the author
John Marks. The statistics were impressive: 185
nongovernment researchers in eighty institutions were
involved. Forty-four colleges and universities, fifteen
research foundations, twelve hospitals and clinics, and
three penal institutions served as the sites where this work
had been carried out. The projects were wide-ranging but
were bound together by a common goal — the need to influence
and gain control over memory and human behaviour. The
projects included the following:
-
research into the effects of behavioural drugs and/or
alcohol
-
research on hypnosis
-
acquisition of chemicals or drugs
-
aspects of magicians' art useful in covert operations, for
example, surreptitious delivery of drug-related material
-
studies of human behaviour, sleep research, and behavioural
changes during psychotherapy
-
polygraph research
-
research on toxins, drugs, and biologicals in human tissues;
provision of exotic pathogens and the capability to
incorporate them in effective delivery systems (in other
words, germ warfare)
-
effects of shock treatment; harassment techniques for
offensive use; gas-propelled sprays and aerosols
-
chemical and biological warfare techniques involving the
army
Examples were included in Turner's description of the
projects. He noted that many of these experiments were
carried out on human subjects — some of whom were
volunteers, many of whom were not.
Enter Ewen Cameron. The origins of his association with
MKULTRA can be traced early enough. Experimentation requires
funding. Although Cameron's patients paid for their
"treatment," their money was, of course, channelled to the
hospital. Consequently, outside funding sources were a
necessity for the work to continue. It is here that the
tangled relationship between the Cold War of the 1950s and
the work of Ewen Cameron becomes clear; the old adage
"politics makes strange bedfellows" aptly describes this
case. Cameron's first paper on psychic driving appeared in
the American Journal of Psychiatry in 1956; its principal
message was that behaviour could be affected by exposure to
repetition of taped messages — and it brought him to the
attention of the CIA. Why was the CIA so interested in this
paper?
The answer lies in the subject of brainwashing, a term that
was coined by a journalist, Edward Hunter, in an article
that appeared in the Miami Daily News in 1950. Hunter's use
of the term and his writings about its use in China blended
well with the Cold War fears of Chinese and Russian
abilities to influence attitude and behaviour. Hunter was an
anti-communist who worked covertly for the CIA. His book,
Brainwashing in Red China, served to fan the flames of
anti-communist hysteria and thereby allowed the CIA and the
U.S. armed services to embark on a twenty-year project
designed to develop indoctrination techniques.
American interest in interrogation had begun during the
Soviet "show trials" of the 1930s when stalwart party
members publicly declared themselves to be traitors. In 1949
Cardinal Mindszenty's trial in Hungary revealed a man broken
by some untoward experience, mouthing words that were
entirely foreign to the person he was known to be. A later
event — one that was to be of great consequence to the CIA —
provided further impetus to brainwashing research. The
American ambassador to the Soviet Union, George Kennan, came
to Berlin from Moscow and, as Richard Helms describes it,
made a series of extraordinary statements which were
regarded by the people in the State Department as quite
uncharacteristic. They suspected that he had been given
something — possibly a drug — by the Russians.
The concern about brainwashing reached its peak during the
Korean War. The Chinese were able not only to obtain signed
confessions from American prisoners of war, but American
pilots made seemingly uncoerced radio broadcasts accepting
guilt for their war activities. Whether they actually took
place is not entirely clear. What did happen is that
brainwashing was sensationalized in the American media and
used to heighten the American public's anti-communist
feeling. It became a rationalization for chemical and
psychological research into interrogation techniques.
As these concerns heated up, a working group was set up by
the air force under the leadership of a man named Fred
Williams. This group, the Air Force Psychological Warfare
Division, was located at Maxwell Air Force Base in
Montgomery, Alabama, and was part of a network attempting to
understand the implications of the POW confessions. Among
those associated with this group were Colonel James Monroe
(who was later to join the CIA); Albert Biderman, a
sociologist; air force psychiatrists Herman Sander and
Robert J. Lifton; Harold Wolff and Lawrence Hinkle at
Cornell; and CIA psychologist John Gittinger. Wolff was a
nationally known neurologist who had made the acquaintance
of Allen Dulles, director of the CIA, when he treated
Dulles's son for injuries suffered during the Korean war. It
was Wolff and Hinkle who produced the major treatise on
brainwashing that emerged during this period. Originally
written as a report for the Technical Services Division of
the CIA in 1956, it was published in a major psychiatric
journal, the Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, in the
same year under the title, Communist Interrogation and
Indoctrination of "Enemies of the State": Analysis of
Methods Used by the Communist State Police (A Special
Report).
The major contribution of this work lay in the revelation
that it was not drugs or bizarre tortures that resulted in
confession; the procedures rather made use of psychological
knowledge and techniques that produced anxiety to such a
degree that normal coping devices could not prevail. The
role of the interrogator as friend and saviour grew out of
the need on the part of the prisoner to escape from the
disintegration of his personality. Solitary confinement,
sleep deprivation, lack of information combined with skilful
interrogation produced the desired outcome in almost every
case. The Russians had initially developed this approach,
and the Chinese had modified it by adding the element of
group pressure. Conformity to a peer group's attitudes was
of course part of the Chinese plan to convert its populace
after they had taken control of Mainland China. This
technique was ultimately to prove eminently successful with
the American POWs.
Although Wolff and Hinkle documented a process that was
based on psychological understanding of the personality and
group dynamics, they nevertheless concluded that there was
"no evidence that psychologists, neurophysiologists, or
other scientists participated in their development." Their
revelations did, however, inspire the military and
intelligence services to begin to formulate their own plans
for the study of mind control. In 1954, Project QK-Hilltop
was begun at Cornell Medical College under the direction of
Harold Wolff — a spinoff from Monroe's group at Maxwell.
Wolff had major interests in the area of stress, as well as
in the interrelationships of man and his environment, a
discipline that he called "human ecology." This approach,
which integrated the interests of both behavioural and
social scientists, could be used, he thought, not only to
understand human behaviour but ultimately to influence it.
Proposing to examine every known method of influence and
control, he asked that the CIA provide him with all its
information on interrogation and intimidation:
...including threats, coercion, imprisonment, deprivation,
humiliation, torture, "brainwashing," "black psychiatry,"
hypnosis and combinations of these, with or without chemical
agents. We will assemble, collate, analyze and assimilate
this information and will then undertake experimental
investigations designed to develop new techniques of
offensive/defensive intelligence use... Potentially useful
secret drugs (and various brain damaging procedures) will be
similarly tested in order to ascertain the fundamental
effect upon human brain function and upon the subject's mood
....Where any of the studies involve potential harm to the
subject, we expect the Agency to make available suitable
subjects and a proper place for the performance of necessary
experiments.
In other words, Wolff was not willing to expose his patients
to harmful materials, but was willing to test them on other
"suitable subjects."
In 1955 the CIA study group became the Society for the
Investigation of Human Ecology based at Cornell, and was
destined to serve as a major funding conduit from the CIA to
behavioural science researchers across the United States,
Canada and Europe. The work that was undertaken has been
well-described in Marks's book The Search For the Manchurian
Candidate. In 1957 the Society severed its ties with
Cornell, although Hinkle and Wolff remained on its board.
Colonel James Monroe became executive secretary of the
organization as the CIA took an even greater role in its
functioning. Sidney Gottlieb, the man most responsible for
MKULTRA and one of its major funding arms, the Society,
states:
"The Society would try to keep in touch with that part of
the scientific research community which were in areas that
we were interested in and try to — usually its mode was to
find somebody that was working in an area in which we were
interested and encourage him to continue in that area with
some funding from us."
Even prior to the formation of the Society, the American
intelligence services had been interested in work done at
McGill. Donald Hebb was chairman of the Human Relations and
Research Committee of the Canadian Defence Research Board in
1950-51. As such, he was invited to attend a meeting of
representatives of the British, Canadian and American
governments who at that time were concerned about the
ability of the Soviet Union to elicit confessions from its
own citizens. They conjectured that the Soviets were using
some new psychological techniques. Shortly thereafter, Hebb
began to wonder about the use of sensory deprivation as a
tool for breaking people down. He subsequently received
about $10,000 a year from the Canadian Defence Research
Board to develop his work on sensory deprivation. Carried on
by Hebb's students, the results were, as previously noted,
quite startling: volunteer students placed in sensory
isolation for over two to three days became depersonalized
and unable to think, and they experienced hallucinations;
they were then receptive to attitudinal change.
The work somehow came to the attention of members of
Parliament who heard only that government money was being
paid to students to lie around. Since the results had been
classified, the work was quickly dropped. Hebb stated in an
interview that the Defence Research Board stopped the
funding either because of a loss of interest or because of a
fear that it could be "trouble-making." Hebb also said in
that interview that information on the work was "snatched
immediately to some organization in the States." Although
Hebb himself felt that the work was boring and moved quickly
on to other areas of intellectual pursuit, there continued
to be great interest in the subject of sensory deprivation —
both in the United States and in Canada.
John Gittinger, the CIA psychologist who was a staff member
of the Society, saw Ewen Cameron's article on psychic
driving, and suggested to James Monroe that he contact
Cameron. That same year Maitland Baldwin, a CIA-funded
researcher in sensory deprivation, visited Cameron in
Montreal "to discuss isolation techniques," and three months
later a grant application was received by the Society from
the Allan Memorial Institute.
The application was entitled "The Effects Upon Human
Behavior of the Repetition of Verbal Signals." In it Cameron
describes the procedures that he had developed at the Allan
Memorial Institute:
-
The breaking down of ongoing patterns of the patient's
behaviour by means of particularly intensive electroshocks (depatterning).
-
The intensive repetition ( 16 hours a day for 6-7 days) of
the prearranged verbal signal.
-
During this period of intensive repetition the patient is
kept in partial sensory isolation.
-
Repression of the driving period is carried out by putting
the patient, after the conclusion of the period, into
continuous sleep for 7-10 days.
He then went on to describe the objectives of the proposal
to the Society. The proposed study would find and test
chemical agents that would serve "to break down ongoing
patterns of behaviour more rapidly, more transitorily, and
with less damage to the cognitive and perceptive capacities"
of the patients. He would improve the recording mechanisms
by using such techniques as multiple voices so as "to
capitalize on the force of group decision and suggestion";
he planned to deactivate the patients and yet keep them at a
higher activity level during driving by using such drugs as
artane, curare, anectine, bulbocapnine, LSD 25 and similar
agents. These were seen as potentially more effective than
electroshock and sleep.
In 1977 Gittinger, testifying before the joint hearing of
the Select Committee on Intelligence and the Subcommittee on
Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human
Resources of the United States Senate, stated: "By 1962 and
1963, the general idea we were able to come up with is that
brainwashing was largely a process of isolating a human
being, keeping him out of contact, putting him out of
control, putting him under long stress in relationship to
interviewing and interrogation, and that they could produce
any change that way without having to resort to any kind of
esoteric means." If Cameron's work is examined with this
formulation in mind, we see some startling parallels both to
the brainwashing techniques described by Hinkle and Wolff,
and to Gittinger's description. In Cameron's system,
patients were subjected to long periods of sensory
isolation; staff was not permitted to tell them for how long
they would be there; staff asked the patients on a regular
basis to repeat what they had heard; patients were told to
write down on a periodic basis all the thoughts associated
with the verbal repetitions. As a result of either physical,
chemical, or psychological treatments, patients were left
confused, vulnerable, and open to hearing repeated messages.
Several voices would be heard at once, simulating the
pressure of a group.
Cameron's work, therefore, appears to have been built on
knowledge generated from research on brainwashing and
sensory deprivation.
Albert Biderman, the CIA and air force sociologist described
the techniques of "Communist Coercive Methods For Eliciting
Individual Compliance" in a 1957 article in the Bulletin of
the New York Academy of Medicine; a similar report appeared
in a paper prepared for the United States Air Force entitled
"Communist Techniques of Coercive Interrogation." Biderman
described eight general methods of coercion used on American
POWs, their effects and their variations. The methods —
which bear a striking resemblance to Cameron's techniques —
were:
-
Isolation: According to Biderman, the POW was removed from
his group and kept by himself. My father was placed in a
darkened and quiet room by himself in a special part of the
hospital.
-
Monopolization of perception: Biderman was here making
reference to a process of cutting off stimulation from the
environment. POWs were kept in physical isolation with
restricted movement, monotonous food and darkness. My father
was placed in a condition of partial sensory deprivation
which also results in markedly reduced perception of
surroundings and a focusing of attention upon the internal
processes of thinking and body sensations.
-
Induced debilitation or exhaustion: Illness was induced in
the POW by procedures designed to produce exhaustion, such
as prolonged interrogation or forcing him to write down all
his thoughts. My father was made ill with shock treatments,
drugs and sleep. In addition, my father and other Cameron
patients were told to fill notebooks with their thoughts as
they listened to voices. The patients were forced to listen
to the recorded messages sixteen hours a day — loud voices,
soft, male, female, multiples of voices pressuring patients
who had been rendered confused and defenceless.
Threats were another element of the brainwashing process.
POWs were exposed to all kinds of threats to themselves or
their families. My father faced the threat of endless
isolation with the possibility of being cut off from his
family forever.
Occasional indulgences or favours were offered to soften up
the POWs. These might include special foods or exercise. My
father was permitted rare telephone calls to our family or
an occasional bath.
Demonstrating "omnipotence" and "omniscience": the captors
had complete control over the fate of the POWs; they had
complete knowledge of their activities. My father waited
anxiously for Cameron, since he had rendered the patients so
totally dependent upon him. Cameron and his associates also
demonstrated their complete control by having nurses
question patients every two hours about what they were
hearing on the psychic driving tapes.
Degradation reinforced the helplessness of the POWs: they
were not permitted to attend to personal hygiene, they were
not allowed privacy, and they were subjected to insults and
taunts. My father, like other Cameron patients, was made
incontinent in bladder and bowel. At times he was fed
through a tube. The patients endured insults through the
psychic driving messages ("You're a bad mother"). Doctors
and nurses entered their rooms at will; and my father's
questions of them were ignored: "What do you want?" he would
ask in vain. Powerlessness was magnified by this complete
disregard for human dignity.
-
Enforcing trivial demands: POWs were forced to obey detailed
rules that governed even the simplest part of their days. My
father and the other patients were forced to remain in their
cubicles, go to the toilet on demand, eat when told to, and
obey Cameron's instructions without question.
Although I could clearly see the parallels between the
reports of Chinese Communist brainwashing procedures and
Cameron's work, I was still unable to make a tight
connection between the two. Cameron had made allusions in
his papers to these reports, but such evidence was not
sufficient. Once again, in 1986, I returned to the archives
of the American Psychiatric Association, which had the only
papers of Ewen Cameron that were available to me. I was
determined to find some clue.
It was my last morning in Washington. I had one hour to look
again. Wearily, I took down the boxes of materials and began
once more to review their contents. I idly picked up a
rather obscure paper titled "The Transition Neurosis," a
paper that Cameron had given at the Fifth Annual
Neuropsychiatric meeting in North Little Rock, Arkansas, in
February 1953. As I leafed through the pages, my eyes caught
one paragraph; my heart began to race as I read it more
closely. This was it!
In the paper, Cameron discusses the theory that people can
respond to any given stimulus with many patterns of
response; he notes that usually one pattern dominates while
the others become unconscious. He goes on:
We may suspect that in the extraordinary political
conversions which we have seen, particularly in the iron
curtain countries, advantage is being taken of this fact to
bring into prominence alternative patternings of behavior
actually carried by the individual but never previously
suspected by him or others as being present. The stress
required to bring this about, at least as far as the
political conversions are concerned, is capable of being
developed only behind the iron curtain. Sargent (1951) has
described what little we know of the dynamics of these
political and religious conversions and has attempted to
duplicate them, but from what we gather, with somewhat
limited success. He used depleting emetics. We have explored
this proced ure in one case, using sleeplessness,
disinhibiting agents, and hypnosis.
There it was in black and white. I was filled with
excitement. I needed to obtain a copy of this page; I
reached into my pocket but I had no change. The archivist
had no change. My plane was due to leave. I became excited,
anxious, worried. The archivist waved me off with a free
copy of the document. I began to run down the street with
the page in my hand, back to the lawyers' office. "I have
the proof," I thought. I was so excited that I almost
knocked over a woman as I crossed the road. I could see the
headlines: "Mad psychiatrist attacks innocent woman on
sidewalk." I tried to slow down but could barely contain
myself. I reached the lawyers' building and found the office
closed. But I knew where to find them — in the restaurant
downstairs. And so I rushed in, making a grand entrance as I
waved my page.
"He had tried it!" I shouted. "Here it is — on paper!" When
I returned home to California, I followed up Cameron's
allusion to the work of William Sargent. In his book,
Battle for the Mind: A Physiology of Conversion and
Brain-washing, Sargent describes the processes by which
religious conversion may occur:
By increasing or prolonging stresses in various ways, or
inducing physical debilitation, a more thorough alteration
of the person's thinking processes may be achieved....If the
stress or the physical debilitation, or both, are carried
one stage further, it may happen that patterns of thought
and behavior, especially those of recent acquisition, become
disrupted. New patterns can then be substituted, or
suppressed patterns allowed to reassert themselves; or the
subject may begin to think or act in ways that precisely
contradict his former ones.
More specifically with respect to brainwashing, he notes:
If a complete sudden collapse can be
produced by prolonging or intensifying emotional stress the
cortical slate may be wiped clean temporarily of its more
recently implanted patterns of behavior, perhaps allowing
others to be substituted more easily.
The parallel with Cameron's theory of
differential amnesia is striking, and the relationship to
brainwashing is abundantly clear. So by 1953 Cameron had
begun to try his hand at brainwashing; the process that he
had tentatively started in the early 1950s was to blossom
into a wholesale attempt to erase minds and reprogramme
them. With the assistance of the CIA through its MKULTRA
project, Cameron's assault on the personality developed
unchecked by any ethical or moral concerns. Under the guise
of treatment, innocent patients became victims of
brainwashing research.
Why did Cameron commit himself to this work?
If one considers the impact of the Nuremberg trials on him,
some clues emerge. It appears that in the late 1940s and
early l950s, he became obsessed with a need to control
social deviance and to prevent the transmission of negative
traits and attitudes from parents to children. Did his later
attempts to change human behaviour represent his response to
this concern? Cameron's presidential address to the American
Psychiatric Association in 1953 suggests his involvement in
the Cold War and his concerns about communism. Although he
also used the opportunity to express his concerns about
McCarthyism, Cameron held to a now familiar position — our
best hope for a new world order and without hysteria, one
without the totalitarianism of either the right or left,
lies in science. With behavioural scientists as leaders,
order would emerge from chaos. Were these attitudes a factor
in his determination to change behaviour? It seems likely.
The CIA had a ready ally in Ewen Cameron.
With the aid of an American working in Canada, caught up in
Cold War concerns, wanting to change society and with
tremendous power and access to an almost unlimited supply of
subjects, the CIA funded brainwashing experiments from 1957
to 1960.
The work continued until 1963. At least one hundred patients
went through brainwashing procedures, obediently following
the prescriptions of Canada's "most eminent" psychiatrist.
In 1967, three years after Cameron's departure from the
Allan Memorial Institute, a study by Alex Schwartzman and
Paul Termansen was published by the Institute. This paper
reviewed the results of the depatterning programme, and was
commissioned by Cleghorn, Cameron's immediate successor. It
looked at seventy-nine patients who had been hospitalized
from 1956-63 and who had reached the third stage of
depatterning. The findings were both interesting and
troubling. Of these patients, 24 per cent relapsed following
depatterning while still in the hospital; physical
complications ranging from "mild" to "severe" were
associated with treatment in 23 per cent of the cases; there
were severe complications in 6 per cent.
Most important, these researchers found that
a pattern of frequent electroshock treatment during
hospitalization was associated with poor clinical outcome,
and the shorter the interval between the ECTs, the greater
was the current memory impairment on a standardized test of
measurement, the Wechsler Memory Scale. Of the twenty-seven
patients tested on memory function, 63 per cent depended on
others for recall of past events. There was persisting
amnesia for periods ranging from six months to ten years in
60 per cent of these people. And so, the final study
indicated permanent brain damage in a high proportion of
these patients.
Why had this study not been done earlier?
How had almost ten years of ever-increasing and intrusive
experimentation gone by with no one intervening? Given
Cameron's published concerns, was this, ironically, just a
recapitulation of what had happened in Nazi Germany — a man
with great power is not stopped by his underlings? Or did
his colleagues simply not know what was taking place? The
experiment ended, but for the victims and those who loved
them, the pain continues.
The last word is from Sidney Gottlieb, under
whom MKULTRA flourished. When asked why he had suggested to
Richard Helms that the papers relating to MKULTRA and mind
control research be destroyed, he commented: "It was clear
to me, and I have been deposed on this before, that the
project, the project MKULTRA had not yielded any results
of real positive value to the Agency...."
Child Sexual Abuse
in the Shadow World of the New World Order
History of Banking Fraud:
The Coming Battle
By M. W. WALBERT
The
Coming Battle documents from Congressional records, newspaper reports
and writings by the founding fathers and others a chronology of events long
forgotten that shaped our fledgling nation from 1776 to 1899. Read about the
manipulation of our money and its supply, the intentional creation of
recessions, depressions and panics, manipulation of the stock markets, and
the demonetization of silver.
Secrets of the Federal Reserve
by Eustace Mullins
Eustace Mullins' carefully
researched and documented treatise picks up from Walbert's expose' of
control of the money supply and the economy and
brings it to the mid 1980's.
The
World Order
by Eustace Mullins
How control of the world's money has inexorably led to an ever tighter
grip on control of the world's people.
Brave New World
by Aldous Huxley
Huxley presents a dystopic view of a future
in which mind-control creates a harmonized society stratified into classes
suitably manipulated and deprived to carry out work tasks with a hive
mentality. A foreign element is inserted when a high ranking Alpha brings a
Native American from a Reservation and a new perspective on freedom gnaws at
the fabric of the propaganda matrix.
Propaganda
by Edward Bernays
Walter
Lippmann's book, Public Opinion, published in 1922, detailed the
study in which he and Edward Bernays were involved while in London during
the First World War. It had to do with painting pictures inside people's
heads, which were cunningly and deliberately designed by expert craftsmen to
mislead not only individuals but entire societies.
Pawns in the Game
by William Guy Carr
This is the classic expose' of the New World Order from a Commander in
the Canadian Navy through the first half of the 20th Century.
Commander Carr was introduced to the Hidden Hand early in his life and
pursuing its mysteries became a lifelong mission.
Social Credit
by CH Douglas
In every country of the world the global financial system has
repeatedly been brought to the Bar of
Public Opinion as the chief factor in world unrest, and there is little
doubt that the jury of We the People has confirmed the Verdict somewhat rhetorically
expressed by Mr. William Jennings Bryan in his famous election speech: "The
money power preys upon the nation in times of peace, and conspires against
it in times of adversity. It is more despotic than monarchy, more insolent
than autocracy, more selfish than bureaucracy. It denounces, as public
enemies, all who question its methods, or throw light upon its crimes. It
can only be overthrown by the awakened conscience of the nation."
Social Credit by C.H. Douglas can clarify the issues from which we can
move forward to create a financial system that is fair and equitable.
Final Warning: A History of the New World Order
by
by David
Allen Rivera
David Allen Rivera has assembled a very carefully written history that
can serve us well. To have been
ignored in the history books, by the colleges and
universities, the print and electronic media, and the entire
national and international discussion shows their power to control
the flow of information as much as they control the flow of money.
What they intend to do with this power and influence should be one
of the most vital topics of conversation.
An Independent Investigation of 9-11 and its Zionist Connection
by Dr. Albert Pastore
History
provides patterns that we can learn to recognize so that we can avoid
them. Properly presented, history provides any of us with
invaluable tools to help us see behind the illusions. No one who
is paying attention to the patterns and their application to today's
events would fail to miss the signals or the dog that fails to bark.
Uranium Wars by Leuren Moret
How control of the world's people has inexorably led to wider use of
depopulation methods which include spreading radioactivity in food,
water, air, and the human genome.
Taking Back Your Power
by Allen Aslan Heart
WHAT CAN YOU DO? Stop playing THEIR game. Take back
your power. Stop paying taxes that are not legal or lawful. Stop paying
bills you don't really owe. Debt Elimination! Stop using THEIR money. There ARE ways if you
open your mind and look for the gaps in their fences that keep the sheeple
in their pasture. Are you chattel or a real person? You are the one who
makes that choice.
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You can't have something for
nothing,
you can't have your freedom for free.
You won't get wise with the sleep still in your eyes,
no matter what your dreams might be. - Rush
